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　Exercise for the Romantic Period in American Literature

Ⅰ.Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to the textbook:
　1. The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of　　　　　　　. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’’s 　　　　　　　　and ended with Whitman’’s　　　　　.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　2. One of the most important influences in American Romantic period
was that of 　　　　　　　, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, 　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　3. Walt Whitman, whose 　　　　　 　　established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　
　4. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from 　　 　　　　　of Washington Irving to 　　　　　 　　　of Edgar Allen Poe, from　of James Fenimore Cooper to 　　　 　　　　　of Herman Melville, from 　　　　　　　 　　　　of Nathaniel Hawthorne to 　　　 　　　　　of Rebecca Harding Davis.
　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　5. 　　　　　　　　　　　　as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　6. A preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of 　　　　　　and the mystery of evil marked the works of 　　　　 , 　　　　 and a host of lesser writers.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　
　7. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 the mot clearly defined literary movement in American Romantic period. 　　　　　　　 　　　　
　8．Basically, transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of 　　　　　　　　　　　　　,or of attaining knowledge transcending　　　 　　　　　　 ."
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　 　　　　　 　　　　　　9. Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is 　　　　 and the idea that the individual is 　　　 and, therefore, 　　　　　　.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　 　　　　 　　
　10. To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is 　　　　 in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to
Hawthorne　and Melville, everybody is potentially a 　　　, and great 　　　　　　 is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne’’s 　　　　　　　　.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　
　11. With the publication of 　　　　　　　, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic. The book contains familiar essays on the Eng1ish life and Americanized versions of European folk tales like 　　　　　　, and 　　　　　　.　 　
　12. The 　　　　　 is usually regarded as Irving’’s "Spanish Sketch Book" simply because it has a strong flavor of Spanish culture.
　　　　　　　　　 　 　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　
　13. 　　　　　　　 was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. 　　　　　　　　　　　
　14. 　　　　 is the most representative of the phi1osophical and literary schoo1 which is 　　　　　　　　.　　　　　　 　 　
　15. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 is unanimously agreed to be the　summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.
　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　16. The unofficial manifesto for the Transcendenta1 Club was 　　　　, Emerson’’s first little book, which established him ever since as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. 　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　
　17. Emerson also helped to found and edit for a time the Transcendental journal, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　
　18. Many of his famous essays are included in Essay, which convey the best of his philosophical discussions and transcendental pursuits, such as 　　　　　　, 　　　　　　,　　　　　　　.
　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　 　　 　　　　　 　
　19. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actual1y a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on　　　　　　　　of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and 　　　　　　 of man. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of 　　　　　　, the importance of the Individual, and 　　　　.　　　　　　　
　20. 　　　　 not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests 　　　　 own transcendental philosophy. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　
　21. Thoreau’’s positiveness about the 　　　　　　　　　　 conscience was such that he even considered the society fetters of the freedom of individuals.　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　　　
　22. Imbued with an inquiring imagination, an intense1y meditative mind, and unceasing interest in the "　　　　　　　　" of man’’s being, Nathaniel Hawthorne remains one of the most interesting, yet most ambivalent writers in the American literary history. 　
　23. 　　　　　　　　　　, always regarded as the best of Hawthorne’’s works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community are invo1ved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways.　　　　　　　　　　 　
　24.In all his life, Hawthorne seemed to be haunted by 　　　　　　　, which he has managed to articulate fully in almost all his works.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　
　25. Hawthorne’’s remarkable sense of 　　　　　　　, his understanding of the co1onial history in New England, his apparent preoccupation with 　　　　　　　　　　, and his keen　　　　　　　　 of people are brought to full display in his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　
　26.With his specia1 interest in the psychologica1 aspect of human beings, Hawthorne is good at exploring the 　　　　　　　　　　　.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　 　
　27. 　　　　　 is one of the salient characteristics of Hawthorne’’s art. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　28. 　　　　　　 Leaves of Grass has always been considered a monumental work which commands great attention because of its uniquely poetic embodiment of American democratic ideals. 　
　29. Most of the poems in Whitman’’s Leaves of Grass sing of 　　　　　 and 　　　　as well.
　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　
　30. Walt Whitman is a poet with a strong sense of mission, having　devoted all his life to the creation of the "single" poem, 　　　　.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　31. By means of 　　　　　　, Whitman turned his poem into an open field, an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play.　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　
　32. Herman Melville is best-known as the author of his mighty book, 　　　　　, which is one of the world’’s greatest masterpieces.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　33. Shakespearean 　　　 vision and Emersonian　　　　　　　　 also produced some positive effects on Melville’’s writing. 　　　
　34. 　　　　　is regarded as the first American prose epic,though it is presented in the form of a novel.　　　　　　　　　　　
　35. For the character 　　　, the white whale, Moby Dick, represents only evil. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　36. Melville’’s knowledge of 　　　　　　　, the highest literary genres, helps him produce a grat tragic epic, with　　　at the center as a tragic hero, who burns with a baleful fire, becoming evil himself in his thirst to destroy 　　　. 　 　　　　　　　　
　37. Moby-DICK is a mixture of 　　　　and 　　　　 based upon the South Pacific whaling industry; 　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　Ⅱ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets:
　( 　)1.Which may NOT be one of the causes for the rise of American romantic movement?
　　A. The westward territorial expansion
　　B. The Great increase in population
　　C. The victory of the settlers in the Indian War
　　D. The rapid economic transformation 　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)2.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in________.
　　(1) Cooper’’s Leather Stocking Tales
　　(2) Thoreau’’s Walden
　　(3) Mark Twain’’s Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn
　　(4) Melville’’s Moby- Dick

　　A. 1
　　B. 1,2
　　C. 1,2,3
　　D. 1,2,3,4　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)3. Irving got ideas from ________for two of his famous stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."
　　A. German legends
　　B. English legends
　　C. American legends
　　D. French legends　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)4. Irving’’s theme of socia1 conservatism and literary preference for the past is revea1ed, to some extent, in his famous story __________.
　　A. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
　　B. "Rip Van Winkle"
　　C. A history of New York
　　D. Walden 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)5.In Irving’’s "Rip Van Winkle" the drastic political changes in the lapsed 20 years are suggested by all the following except_________.
　　A. the flag of the U.S.
　　B. the portrait of George Washington
　　C. the mention of election and Congress
　　D. the graves of the dead Union soldiers　　　　　　　　　

　(　)6. ____________has always been regarded as a writer who　"perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced."
　　A. James F.Cooper
　　B. Ralph Waldo Emerson
　　C. Washington Irving
　　D. Herman Melville　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)7.________is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship.
　　A. James F.Cooper
　　B. Ralph Waldo Emerson
　　C. Washington Irving
　　D. Herman Melville　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)8.Emerson’’s first little book, ________established him ever since as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.
　　A．Walden
　　B．Nature
　　C．Moby-Dick
　　D．The American Scholar 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　( 　)9. "Trust thyself," Emerson wrote in ________, by which he means to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite.
　　A. Nature
　　B. The American Scholar
　　C. The Over-soul
　　D. Self Reliance　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)10. Emerson’’s essays are usually characterized by_______.
　　　A. a series of short, declarative sentences
　　　B. long and involved sentences
　　　C. use of parallelism and rhythm
　　　D. use of interrogative sentences　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)11.Which of the following is NOT one of the main ideas advocated by Emerson, the chief spokesman of American Romanticism?
　　　A. Importance of the Individual
　　　B. Faith in Christianity
　　　C. The Over-soul
　　　D. Self-Reliance　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)12. In 1837, Hawthorne published ________, a collection of short stories which attracted critical attention.
　　　A. Twice-Told Tales
　　　B. The Scarler Letter
　　　C. Young Goodman Brown
　　　D. The Marble Faun　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)13._______was based on the tradition of a curse pronounced on the author’’s family when his great-grandfather was a judge in the Salem witchcraft trials.
　　　A. The House of the Seven Gables
　　　B. The Blithedale Romance
　　　C. The Marble Faun
　　　D. The Scarlet Letter　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)14._______is a novel he wrote to reveal his own experiences on the Brook Farm and his own methods as a psychological novelist.
　　　A. The House of the Seven Gables
　　　B. The Blithedale Romance
　　　C. The Marble Faun
　　　D. The Scarlet Letter　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)15.__________is a romance set in Italy, concerned about the dark aberrations of the human spirit.
　　　A. The House of the Seven Gables
　　　B. The Blithedale Romance
　　　C. The Marble Faun
　　　D. The Scarlet Letter　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)16.In________he sets out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret.
　　　A．"Young Goodman Brown,"
　　　B．"The Minister’’s B1ack Veil"
　　　C．"The Birthmark"
　　　D．"The Marble Faun"　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)17._______goes further to suggest that everyone tries to hold the evil secret from one another in the way the minister tries to convince his people with his black vei1.
　　　A．"Young Goodman Brown,"
　　　B．"The Minister’’s B1ack Veil"
　　　C．"The Birthmark"
　　　D．"The Marble Faun"　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)18._______drives home symbolically Hawthorne’’s point that evi1 is man’’s birthmark, something he is born with.
　　　A．"Young Goodman Brown,"
　　　B．"The Minister’’s B1ack Veil"
　　　C．"The Birthmark"
　　　D．"The Marble Faun"　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)19.After the night in the forest in Hawthorne’’s "Young Goodman Brown", Brown dreaded that the church roof might "thunder down" while the priest was giving his eloquent sermon. The reason for such dread is perhaps that_______.
　　　A. too large a crowd had gathered to listen
　　　B. Brown had committed a sinful act
　　　C. the minister had betrayed himself as a big liar　 　
　　　D.The church was badly in need of repair　　　　　　　　

　(　)20.In Hawthorne’’s "Young Goodman Brown" , a satanic figure leads the credulous protagonist to a witch’’s Sabbeth in the woods. There he recognizes many pillars of Salem’’s Puritan society as well as his wife, Faith. The story illustrates Hawthorne’’s allegorical theme of human evil or what Melville called the "power of_______".
　　　A. blackness
　　　B. whiteness
　　　C. terror
　　　D. hypocrisy 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)21. Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory, as in poems like_______.
　　　A. "Cavalry Crossing a Ford."
　　　B. The Leaves of Grass
　　　C. "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’’d."
　　　D. "Drum Taps　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)22.Whitman wrote down a great many poems to air his sorrow over the death of Lincoln, and one of the famous is_________.
　　　A. Leaves of grass
　　　B. "Cavalry Crossing a Ford"
　　　C. "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’’d."
　　　D. "Drum Taps"　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)23._______are three books by Melville which drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.
　　　A．Typee, Omoo,and Mardi
　　　B．Redburn, White Jacket and Pierre
　　　C．Typee, Omoo and Pierre
　　　D．Moby-Dick , White Jacket and Pierre 　　　　　　 　

　(　)24.________is a semi-autobiographical novel, concerning the sufferings of a genteel youth among brutal sailors.
　　　A．Typee
　　　B．Omoo
　　　C．Mardi
　　　D．Redburn　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)25. By writing _______Melville reached the most flourishing stage of his literary creativity.
　　　A．Pierre
　　　B．Moby-Dick
　　　C．White Jacket
　　　D．Redburn　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)26. ________by Melville is a short story strikingly symbolizing the loneliness and anonymity and passivity of little men in big cities.
　　　A．The Confidence Man
　　　B．Benito Cereno
　　　C．Billy Budd
　　　D．"Bartleby, the Scrivener"　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)27.Moby-Dick is a whaling tale or sea adventure, dealing with Ahab, a man with an overwhelming obsession to kill the whale which has crippled him, on board his ship _______in the chase of the big whale.
　　　A. Pequod
　　　B. Stubb
　　　C. Ishmael
　　　D. Tashtego　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　 　

　(　)28. The skillful use of ________both as a character and a narrator gives the novel a moral magnitude.
　　　A. Pequod
　　　B. Stubb
　　　C. Ishmael
　　　D. Tashtego　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　 　

　(　)29. In Moby-Dick after the whaling ship The Pequod sinks, Melville writes, "…then all collapsed, and the great shroud of the sea rolled on as it rolled five thousand years ago." The author might imply that_______.
　　　A. nothing changes in the 5000 years of human history
　　　B. man’’s desire to conquer nature can only end in his own destruction
　　　C. nature is evil as it was 5000 years ago
　　　D. nature has the ultimate creative power　　　 　　 　

　Ⅲ.Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.
　(　)1. American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative.　　　
　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　

　(　)2. American Romantic writings were so strongly influenced by foreign literature that they had very little American characteristics. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　

　(　)3. In the American Romantic Period, the literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past can be found in Irving’’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, and in Cooper’’s long series of historical tales.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)4. One of the manifestations about the influence of Puritanism over American values and American Literature is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts.　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　 　

　(　)5. A preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　

　(　)6. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism , adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation , the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths.　　

　(　)7. The main issues involved in the transcendentalists’’ debate were generally philosophical, concerning nature, man and the universe.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)8.To the transcendentalists such as Hawthorne and Melville, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible, as is shown in Hawthorne’’s The Scarlet Letter; but to Emerson and Thoreau, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature.　 　　 　

　(　)9. Irving’’s first successful work is A History Of New York from the Beginning Of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty.　

　(　)10. Most of Irving’’s subject matter are borrowed heavily from European sources, which are chiefly Germanic.　　 　　　　 　

　(　)11. It is not the tales about America but the sketches about the Old World that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring.　　　　　　　　　 　 　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)12. Nature was the fundamental document of Emerson’’s philosophy and expressed also his constant ,deeply-felt love for nature.It was called "the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism".　　 　

　(　)13. Nature did not establish Emerson as an important American writer. His lasting reputation began only with the publication of Essays　　　　　　　 　　 　 　 　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)14. Essays: Second Series demonstrated even more thorough1y than the first that Emerson’’s intellect had sharpened in the years since Nature.　 　　 　　 　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)15. Emerson’’s remarkable image of "a transparent eyebal1" marks a paradoxical state of being, in which one is merged into nature, the over-soul, whi1e at the same time retaining a unique perception of the experience.　　　　　　　　　　 　 　　　

　(　)16. By employing nature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul, Emerson has brought the Puritan 1egacy of symbolism to its perfection.　　 　 　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　

　(　)17. Thoreau strongly believed in se1f-culture and was eager to identify himself with the Transcendental image of the self-reliant　man. 　　　　　　　 　　 　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　

　(　)18. Walden not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau’’s own transcendental philosophy. 　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　

　(　)19. Hawthorne was affected by Emerson’’s transcendentalist theory and struck up a very intimate relationship with Melville. 　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)20. Hawthorne’’s literary world is a most disturbed, tormented and problematical one mostly because of his "black" vision of life and human 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)21. According to Emerson, "There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity."　　　　　　　 　　


　(　)22. In many of Hawthorne’’s stories and novels, the Puritan concept of life is condemned, or the Puritan Past is shown in an almost totally negative light, especially in his The House Of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter. 　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)23. Hawthorne is attracted in every way to the Puritan world, even though he condemns its less humane manifestations.　 　

　(　)24. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne does not intend to tell a love story nor a story of sin, but focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals.　　　　
　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)25. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in The Scarlet Letter.　　　　　　　　　

　(　)26. Whitman is the poet of the common people and the prophet and singer of democracy.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　 　

　(　)27. Whitman’’s poetry is filled with optimistic expectation and enthusiasm about new things and new epoch.　　　　　　　　　

　(　)28. The genuine participation of a poet in a common cultural effort was, according to Whitman, to behave as a supreme individualist; however, the poet’’s essentia1 purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic "en-masse" of America, which is established in the opening lines of "Song of Myself".　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　

　(　)29. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems.　　 　　 　

　(　)30. Similar to the rhetoric of traditional poetry, Whitman’’s is relatively simple and even rather crude.　　　 　　　 　　　

　(　)31. One of the most often-used methods in Whitman’’s poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind’’s eye of the reader. 　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　(　)32. Another characteristic in Whitman’’s language is his strong tendency to use formal English.　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　

　(　)33.Melville’’s early sailing experiences were rewarding, for they gave him a love of the sea, and aroused his desire for adventure. He gained the first-hand information about whaling that he used later in Moby Dick.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　　　

　(　)34. Hawthorne’’s black vision regarding the evil of human beings had in some way changed Melville’’s outlook on life and the world and his allegorical way of exposition had affected his writing technique.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　 　

　(　)35. In the early works Melville is more enthusiastic about setting out on a quest for the meaning of the universe; while in the late works, Melville becomes more reconciled with the world of man, in which, he admits, one must live by the rules.　　　

　(　)36. Moby-Dick a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’’s deep reality and psychology.　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　Ⅳ. List the major works of the following authors

　　1. Washinton Irving’’s major works: 　　　　　　 　　　　

　　2．Ralph Waldo Emerson’’s major works:
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　3. Henry David Thoreau: 　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　　4. Hawthorne’’s major works:　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　
　　　
　　5. Walt Whitman’’s major works:　　　　　　　　　 　　 　
　　　

　　6.Herman Melville’’s major works:　　　　　　　　 　　　
　　

　Ⅴ.Define the literary terms listed below.
　　1.Romanticism/American Romanticism　　　　 　　　　

　　2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance 　　
　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　 　 　

　　3.New England Transcendentalism 　　 　　　 　　　

　　4.American Puritanism　 　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　


　　5.Free Verse 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　

　　6.Symbolism　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　

　　7.Allegory　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　

　Ⅵ. For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.
　　1. Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, wel1-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, which ever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he wou1d have whistled life away in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continual1y dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. 　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　


　　2.On waking, he found himself on the green knoll from whence he had first seen the old man of the glen. He rubbed his eyes---it was a bright sunny morning.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　3.There was a drop of comfort , at least, in this intelligence. The honest man could contain himself no longer.-He caught his daughter and her child in his arms.　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　4.The following quotations are from Emerson’’s Nature.
　　　(1)　　Nature
　　"Nature is but an image or imitation of wisdom, the last thing of the sou1;nature being a thing which doth only do, but not know." Plotinus　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　(2) Our age is retrospective. It builds the sepulchers of the fathers.It writes biographies, histories, and criticism. The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, through their eyes. Why shou1d not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe? Why should not we have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs? Embosomed for a season in nature, whose floods of life stream around and through us, and invite us by the powers they
supply, to action proportioned to nature, why should we grope among the dry bones of the past(2), or put the living generation into masquerade out of its faded wardrobe? The sun shines taday also. There is more wool and flax in the fields. There are new 1ands, new men, new thoughts. Let us demand our own works and laws and worship.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　

　　(3) Every man’’s condition is solution in hieroglyphic to those inquiries he would put. He acts it as life, before he apprehends it as truth. In like manner, nature is already, in its forms and tendencies, describing its own design. let us interrogate the great apparition, that shines so peacefully around us. Let us inquire, to what end is nature?
　　　　　　　　　　 　　 　 　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　(4)Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. Strictly speaking, therefore, all that is separate from us, all which Philosophy distinguishes as the NOT ME, that is, both nature and art, all other men and my own body, must be ranked under this name, NATURE. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　
　

　　(5). To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　(6) The stars awaken a certain reverence, because though always present, they are always inaccessible; but a1l natural objects make a kindred impression, when the mind is open to their influence. Nature never wears a mean appearance. Neither does the wisest man extort all her secret, and lose his curiosity by finding out all her perfection. Nature never became a toy to a wise spirit. The flowers, the animals, the mountains, reflected all the wisdom of his best hour, as much as they had delighted the simplicity of his childhood.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　 　　　

　　(7) The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are stil1 tru1y adjusted to each other; who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. His intercourse with heaven and earth, becomes part of his dai1y food. In the presence of nature, a wild delight runs through the man, in spite of real sorrows. Nature says, -- he is my creature, and maugre al1 his impertinent griefs, he, shall be glad with me…　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　

　　(8) Crossing a bare common, in snow puddles at twilight, under a clouded sky, without having in my thoughts any occurrence of special good fortunes, I have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration.　 　　　　
　

　　(9) To speak truly, few adult persons can see nature. Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　
　

　　(10) In the woods too, a man casts off his years, as the snake his slough, and at what period soever of his life, is always a child. In the woods, is perpetual youth.　　　　　　　　　　 　　　
　　

　　(11) Standing on the bare ground, -- my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -- a1l mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circu1ate through me; I am part or particle of God.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　
　
　　(12) Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight, does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both. It is necessary to use these pleasures with great temperance. For, nature is not always tricked in ho1iday attire, but the same scene which yesterday breathed perfume and glittered as for the frolic of the nymphs, is overspread with me1ancho1y today. Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. TO a man. laboring under ca1amity, the heat of his own fire hath sadness in it. Then, there is a kind of contempt of the landscape fe1t by him who ’’has just lost by death a dear friend. The sky is less grand as it shuts down over less worth in the population.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　
　

　　(13)Trust thyself :every heart vibrates with that iron string.　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　

　5.The following quotations are from Hawthorne’’s "Young Goodman Brown":
　　(1) Young Goodman Brown came forth, at Sunset, into the street of SaLem village, but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife. And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, 1etting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap, while she called to Goodman Brown.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　(2). With this excellent resolve for the future, goodman Brown felt himself justified in making more haste on his present evil purpose. He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind. It was all as 1onely as cou1d be; and there is this peculiarity in such a solitude, that the traveler knows not who may be concealed by the innumerable trunks and the thick boughs overhead; so that, with lonely footsteps, he may yet be passing through an unseen multitude.　　　　　　 　　　　
　

　　(3)The cry of grief, rage, and terror, was yet piercing the night, when the unhappy husband held his breath for a response. There was a scream, drowned immediately in a louder murmur of voices, fading into far-off laughter, as the dark cloud swept away, leaving the clear and silent sky above goodman Brown.　　　　 　　　
　

　　(4) Be it so, if you will. But ,alas! it was a dream of evil omen for young goodman Brown. A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man, did he become, from the night of that fearful dream.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　
　

　6.There was a child went forth every day, And the first object he look’’d upon, that object he became, And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day, Or for many years or stretching cycles of years.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　

　7.Scarlet and blue and snowy white, The guidon flags flutter gayly in the wind. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　

　8.A lime in long array ahere they wind beteixt green islands, They take a serpentine course , their arms flash in the sun ---hark to the musical clank　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　
　

　9.The following quotations are from Walt Whitman’’s poem "Song of Myself" in his masterpiece Leaves of Grass:
　(1)I celebrate myse1f, and sing myself,
　　And what I assume you shall assume,
　　For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.　


　(2)I loafe and invite my soul,
　　I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.　
　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　
　
　(3)My tongue, every atom of my blood, form’’d from this soil,
　　this air,
　　Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and
　　their parents the same,
　　I, now thirty-seven yeals old in perfect health begin,
　　Hoping to cease not till death.　　　　　　　　 　　　　
　

　(4) Creeds and schools in abeyance,
　　　Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten,
　　　I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,
　　　Nature without check with original energy.　　　　　　
　

　10.The following quotations are from Melville’’s Moby-Dick
　　(1) Whether fagged by the three days’’ running chase, and the resistance to his swimming in the knotted hamper he bore; or whether it was some latent deceitfulness and malice in him: whichever was true, the White Whale’’s way now began to abate, as it seemed, from the boat so rapidly nearing him once more; though indeed the whales’’s last start had not been so long a one as before. And still as Ahab glided over the waves the unpitying sharks accompanied him; and so pertinaciously stuck to theboat; and so continually bit at the plying oars, that the blades became jagged and crunched, and left small splinters in the sea, at almost every dip.　　　　　　　 　　
　
　　(2) Now small fowls flew screaming over the yet yawning gulf; a sullen white surf beat against its steep sides; then all collapsed, and the great shroud of the sea rolled on as it rolled five thousand years ago. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　Ⅶ.Give brief answers to the following questions.
　　1. What is the historical, social and cultural background of American Romanticism?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　2.What are the unique characteristics of American Romanticism?
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　　3.How did American Romanticists differ in their understanding of human nature? 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　

　　4.What is Irving’’s unique contribution to American literature?　
　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　5.What is the theme of Washington Irving’’s famous story "Rip Van Winkle"?　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　

　　6. What is Emerson’’s view on nature?　 　　　　　　　　　
　　

　　7. Why we say Hawthorne is a master of symbolism? 　　 　
　

　　8.What is the allegorical theme of "Young Goodman Brown"? Give examples from the story to show Hawthorne’’s masterful use of symbolism.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　
　

　　9.What are Whitman’’s democratic ideals?　　　 　 　　　　
　

　　10.What are the themes in Whitman’’s poetry?　　　　　　　
　
　　11.What are the language features of Whitman’’s poems?　　
　

　　12.What are the differences between Melville’’s early works and later ones?　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　13.What are the different meanings of the story Moby-Dick? 　　　
　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　
　Ⅷ. Short essay questions.
　1.Comment on Emersonian Transcendentalism.　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　

　2.What is the influence of Puritanism on Hawthorne?　 　　　　　　
　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　

　3.Comment on Hawthorne’’s "black" vision of life and human beings and its influence on his works.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　

　4.Comment on Whitman’’s poetic style and language.　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　

　　5.Discuss about allegory and symbolism used in Moby- Dick