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Lesson 6 Another School Year -- What For?
I.Language Points in the Text
A.词汇（Vocabulary）
1. disaster: n. sudden great misfortune （突然发生的）灾难；祸患；
大不幸
The loss of the ship was a disaster. 那只船的沉没是一场灾难。
The election results will bring political disaster. 选举结果将在政治上带来灾难。
2.career: n.
1) a job or profession for which one is trained and which one intends to follow for the whole of his life 事业；职业
He made the Church his career. 他选择了牧师的职业。
Teaching is a satisfying career. 教书是一份令人满意的职业。
2) (a part of)the general course of a person’s working life 经历；生涯
Have you ever studied Gladstone’s career as a politician?
你是否研究过格莱斯通的政治生涯？
Churchill’s career proves he was a great man. 丘吉尔的经历证明他是个伟人。
3. put: vt. express 表达
I’m not sure how to put my plan to you. 我不知道怎样向你说明我的计划。
Let’s put it like this: I want to help you. 让我们这样说吧：我愿意帮助你。
4. involve: vt.
1) cause (sb. or sth.) to be caught or mixed up (in trouble, etc); get (sb./sth.) into a complicated or difficult condition 使陷于（麻烦等）中；使卷入复杂或困难的情况
They are deeply involved in debt. 他们债台高筑。
Don’t involve me in your fights, please. 请别把我卷入到你们的斗殴中去。
2) have as a necessary consequence 产生某种必然的结果；牵涉；包含
Being a soldier can involve getting killed. 当兵就有送命的可能。
To accept the position you offer would involve my living in London. 若接受你提供的职位，我必然得住伦敦了。
5. rear: vt. care for until fully grown 喂养；饲养；养育
He reared those birds himself. 他亲自喂养那些鸟。
It’s difficult to know what is the best way to rear children. 很难知道养育孩子的最好方法。
6. sufficient: adj. enough 足够的；充分的
There is sufficient food for everybody. 有足够的东西给大家吃。
One hundred dollars is sufficient for the expenses of my journey. 一百美元够我路上的花费了。
7. expose: vt.
1) uncover so as to leave without protection 使暴露（因而得不到保护）
She exposed her skin to the sun. 她让皮肤暴露在太阳下。
The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves. 士兵们奉命继续隐蔽，不要暴露自己。
Her youth and beauty will expose her to many dangers. 她的年轻貌美会使她遭遇许多危险。
The house is in an exposed position on top of a hill. 房子造在高山顶上，没有任何隐蔽。
2) make known ( a secretly guilty person or action) 揭露；揭发（罪犯；罪行）
I threatened to expose him to the police. 我威胁要向警方揭发他。
He exposed the criminal this morning. 今天早晨他揭露了这个罪犯。
3) display 陈列；展出
They exposed the goods for sale in the market. 他们在市场陈列出售商品。
A lot of goods are exposed in the shop window. 商店的橱窗里陈列着许多商品。
8. civilization: n.the fact of becoming or state of being highly developed socially, with a system of government, methods of education, etc. 文明，文化
In 20 years they have reached the level of civilization it took our society a century to reach. 他们用二十年的时间就达到了我们社会花了一个世纪才达到的文明程度。
The ancient Egyptian civilization existed for several thousand years. 古埃及文明存在了数千年之久。
Civilizations rise and fall. 各种文化都有盛衰。
9. intellect: n. the power of reasoning , esp. on difficult matters; a person who has great ability of this kind 理解力，智力；有才智的人
She is a woman of great intellect. 她是一位智力很高的女性。
They are among the greatest intellects in the country. 他们是全国最有聪明才智的人物。
10. head: n. a leader 首脑；领袖
He is the head of the group. 他是这个组的头
This conference is for heads of government. 这是政府首脑会 议。
There were many heads of state at the king’s funeral. 许多国家的政府首脑出席了国王的葬礼。
11. contact: n.
1) relationship; connection 联系；联络
The tribe had no contact with the outside world for centuries. 这个部落与世隔绝已有好几百年了。
Have you been in contact with your sister recently? 最近你和你妹妹有联系吗？
That poor madman has lost all contact with reality. 那个可怜的疯子已经完全与现实脱节了。
2) a social, professional, or business connection; a person one knows in a position to be of help to one 社会联系；业务联系；（可以帮忙的）熟人
Her contacts in the government warned her that she ought to leave the country 她在政府里的熟人警告她应该离开那个国家。
She made many useful social contacts while she was in the company. 在这家公司期间，她结识了许多有力的人士。
12. business: n.
1) one’s work or employment 工作；职业
What I do is no business of yours. 我做什么不关你的事。
Other people’s quarrels are a lawyer’s business. 律师的职业就是专管人家的不和。
I’m here on business, not for pleasure. 我是来办公事的，不是来玩的。
2) trade and getting of money 商业；生意
It’s pleasure to do business with you. 跟你做生意是件愉快的事。
After leaving college he went into business. 大学毕业后，他进入了商界。
13. savage: n. an uncivilized or uncultured person, esp. one who is fierce and violent 野人；野蛮人
The savages who lived on that island used to eat people. 住在那个岛上的野人以往是吃人的。
14. spiritual: adj. of or concerning the soul or spirit 精神（上）的；心灵（上）的
She leads a very spiritual life. 她过着颇为超乎世俗的生活。
He felt a spiritual sympathy with the local religion. 他对当地的宗教有一种精神上的同情感。
15. store: vt. keep ready for use when needed; put or keep in a safe place 储备，储存；储藏
Store the food in that room. 把食物储存到那间房里。
He stored his furniture here when he went to America. 他去美国时，把他的家具存放在这里。
16. acquire: vt. gain by skill or ability, by one’s own efforts or behaviour 获得， 取得，得到
He acquired a knowledge of the language by careful study. 他通过认真学习掌握了这门语言。
A bad habit is easily acquired but broken up with difficulty. 坏习惯染上容易改掉难。
17. fragment: n. small piece that is broken off a large piece or whole 碎片，断片
When the bomb went off, fragments flew in all directions. 炸弹爆炸时，弹片四处横飞。
Only a fragment of the ancient book remains now. 那古书现在只剩下一点残卷了。
18. literal: adj.
1) following the usual meaning of the words without any additional
meanings 原义的；字面的
We should understand more than the literal sense of the word. 我们不应该只是理解这个单词的字面意思。
2) actual 如实的
Can you have a literal version of the conversation? 你能把谈话的内容如实给我转述一下吗？
B. 短语、句型（Set Phrases and Sentence Patterns）
1. go through:
1) undergo; suffer 经历；遭受
He has already gone through unutterable agonies. 他已经遭受了种种无法形容的痛苦。
Traditional art crafts have also gone through many changes. 传统的工艺也经历了许多变化。
2) pass through 经过，通过；完成
The plan must go through several stages. 这项计划得经过好几个阶段。
We went through our task without a hitch. 我们顺利地完成了任务。
2. as a result of: because of 由于
Two people have already died as a result of the accident, and the lives of several others are in danger. 由于这起事故，已有两人死亡，另有数人生命垂危。
He was injured as a result of a boiler explosion. 他因锅炉爆炸而受了伤。
3. be exposed to: be uncovered or unprotected 暴露于
Now it has been exposed to the light of day. 现在它已经暴露在光天化日之下。
They are exposed to attack everywhere. 他们到处被动挨打。
4. maintain contact with: keep connection with 与……保持联系
He maintained close contact with the masses. 他和群众保持着密切的联系。
It became more and more difficult for them to maintain contact with the outside world. 他们与外界保持联系越来越困难了。
5. have no business doing: have no right to do 无权做某事
A superpower has no business interfering in the internal affairs in the small countries. 超级大国无权干涉小国的内政。
You have no business hitting the boy. 你没有权利打这小孩。
6. be in need of: need 需要
The house is in need of repair. 这房子需要修理。
He is seriously in need of medical attention. 他急需医疗护理。
7. succeed in doing: manage to do 成功地做某事
At last they succeeded in performing their task. 最后他们胜利完成了任务。
In trying to isolate us, they succeeded in isolating themselves. 他们想孤立我们，却只孤立了他们自己。
8. be true of: be right in terms of 符合于；适用于
There are exceptions, of course, but it is generally true of American life that the man is the head of the family. 当然会有例外的情况，但一般说来，在美国生活中，男人总是一家之长。
The same is true of the way of living of the Japanese. 日本人的生活方式也是这样。
9. get through:
1) pass 通过
They have all got through the examination. 考试他们全通过了。
It took us only a few minutes to get through the Customs. 通过海关检查，只费了我们几分钟。
2) reach the end of 结束，完成
I must get through the book before Saturday. 我必须在星期六之前看完这本书。
We have got through the sum of money in less than a year. 我们在不到一年的时间里就用完了那笔钱。
10. do with: deal with 处理
What did you do with my umbrella? 你把我的伞放到哪里去了？
What are you going to do with the back numbers of those magazines? 你打算怎么处理那些过期杂志？
C. 难句理解（Sentence Comprehension）
1. I was fresh out of graduate school starting my semester at a university.
——I had just graduated from a graduate school and began my teaching at a university. 那时我刚刚从研究生院毕业，开始了在一所大学第一学期的教学工作。
fresh 在这里表示“刚刚毕业的”，又如：The boy is fresh from school. 这个男孩刚从学校毕业。
semester 是美国英语中的用法，意为“学期”；在英国英语中用term。
2. New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this boy that he had enrolled, not in a technical training school, but in a university, and that in a university students enroll for both training and education.
——Although I was a new teacher, I could have told this boy that he had enrolled in a university instead of a technical training school, and that a university student should receive education as well as training. 虽然我是一名新教师，但我也完全可以告诉这名学生，他现在上的是大学而不是技术培训学校，在大学里学生接受的是教育而不仅仅是培训。
as 在本句中引导让步状语从句，句子进行了倒装。再如：
Young as he is, he has become a well-known scientist. 尽管他还很年轻，但已成为一名著名的科学家。
Much as I like him, I don’t love him. 尽管我很喜欢他，但我不爱他。
could 后接动词的完成时态，表示“本来能够做某事但没有做”。又如：I could have passed the examination. 我本来能够通过考试的（但实际上没通过）。
3. Suppose you have gone through pharmacy school —— or engineering, or law school, or whatever —— during those eight hours you will be using your professional skills.
——Suppose you have graduated from pharmacy school, or engineering school, or law school, or any other school, you will start your work eight hours a day and apply your professional skills to it. 假设你读完了药学院，工学院，法学院，或者别的什么学院，在工作的八小时内你就会应用你的专业知识。
Suppose 在这里是“假设”的意思，再比如：If we suppose that man is an animal, then we can learn something useful from animal behaviour. 如果我们假定人是一种动物，那么我们就能从动物的行为中学到一些有用的东西。
school 在这里是指“学院”。一所综合性的大学是由很多学院组成的。
4. You will see to it during this third of your life that the cyanide stays out the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence.
—— You will assure your client that your medicine does no harm, that the project you are in charge of won’t be out of control, or that your client won’t be sentenced to death because you are not qualified.
在你生命的这三分之一的时间里，当药剂师你的责任就是不把氰化物弄到阿司匹林里去，当工程师你就是不能让工程失控，当律师你就要做到你的当事人不会因为你不称职而上电椅。
see to 的意思是“确保；务必”；the bull doesn’t jump the fence 为比喻说法，表示“事情不失控”；go to the electric chair 实指“处死”，并不一定就是“上电椅”。
5. Will the children ever be exposed to a profound idea at home.
——Will the children have the opportunity to learn anything profound at home? 孩子们能够接触到高深的思想吗？
be exposed to 在这里表示“接触”，又如：Mr. Johnson has been exposed to a great deal of Chinese culture. 约翰逊先生接触了大量的中国文化。
6. Will you be head of a family that maintains some basic contact with the great continuity of civilized intellect?
——Will you be head of a family that has a basic knowledge of the history, the present and the future of our civilization? 将来你成为一家之主的时候，你的家庭是非对整个人类的文明思想有基本的了解呢？
maintain contact with 意为“与……保持联系”，请参阅短语注释4。
7. I’m out to make money.
——I’m determined to make money. 我要挣大钱。
be out to do sth. 是口语化的表达方法，意思是“企图/打算/决心做某事”，例如：
The police feel that, having been so successful here, the gang may be out to commit similar robberies in nearby towns. 警方认为，这群歹徒既然在这里干得很顺利，很可能要到其它的城市去进行类似的抢劫。
The firm is out to capture the Canadian market. 该公司决心要夺取加拿大市场。
8. Then you have no business being in college.
——Then you have no reason to be in college. 那么你就没理由上大学。
have no business doing sth. 的意思是“无权/没理由/没必要做某事”，参见短语注释5。
9. You are on the way to being the mechanized savage, the push-button savage.
——You are going to be an uncivilized man, one who is like a robot and who can do but the most simple things. 你就会成为一个机械化的野蛮人，一个只会按按钮的野蛮人。
on the way to being 的意思是“将成为……”，又如：He is well on the way to becoming a fine mechanic. 他就要成为一个优秀的技工。
10. Any of you who managed to stay awake through part of a high school course in physics knows more about physics than did many of the great scientists of the past.
——So long as you did not sleep in physics class in high school, you would know more about physics than did many of the great scientists of the past. 只要你们在中学的物理课上没有睡觉，就比过去许多的科学家懂得的物理知识更多。
than did many of the great scientists of the past 用了倒装，以避免句子失衡。正常的语序应为than many of the great scientists of the past did。
11. If you are too much in hurry, or too proud of your own limitations, to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Aristotle or Einstein, then you are neither a developed human nor a useful citizen of a civilization.
——If you are so eager to make money or so contented with your limited knowledge that you won’t care to learn anything from the great minds like Aristotle or Einstein to enrich yourself, then you are neither a cultured man nor a useful person of a civilized society. 如果你急着去赚钱或是对自己有限的知识而感到自鸣得意，从而把亚里士多德或爱因斯坦的思想这个提高你的品德修养的礼物拒之门外，那么你既不是一个发展到成熟阶段的人，也不是一个文明社会有用的成员。
在if 引导的从句中，基本结构是too…to…句型，意思是“太……而不……”；accept 的宾语是some pieces of the minds of Aristotle or Einstein，as a gift to your humanity 作accept 的宾语补足语。
II.Translation of the Text
又是一个新学年——上大学到底为了什么
我来告诉你我的教学生涯中最早的一次令我啼笑皆非的经历。那是1940年的一月，我刚刚从研究生院毕业，开始了在大学第一学期的教学工作。一个高个子男生来到我的课堂，坐了下来，两臂交叉往胸前一放，看了我一眼，好象在说：“好吧，你这该死的，教我点东西吧。”两个星期后我们开始上《哈姆雷特》。三个星期后，他来到我的办公室，两手叉腰。“喂，”他说，“我到这里来是想成为药剂师的。为什么要我读这玩意儿？”他指着桌子上的那本书。
虽然我是一名新教师，我也完全可以告诉这名学生，他现在上的是大学而不是技术培训学校，在大学里学生接受的是教育而不仅仅是培训。我试着向他这样解释：“你的一生中，每天平均二十四小时，其中大约有八个小时要睡觉，我想这三分之一的时间，你既不需要培训也不必受教育。
“然后，每个工作日的另外八个小时里，你将从事有用的职业。假设你读完了药学院，或是工学院，法学院还是别的什么学院，在工作的八小时里你将应用你的专业技能。在你生命的这三分之一的时间里，当药剂师你的责任就是不把氰化钠弄到阿司匹林里去，当工程师就不能让工程失控，当律师就要做到你的当事人不会因为你不称职而上电椅。所有这些都涉及到人人都必须尊重的技能，这些技能能满足你最基本的需求。除了满足其它的需求之外，你所从事的职业将是你养家糊口的经济来源。这些职业是你收入的来源，愿你的收入永远够用。
“但是在你完成你的工作之后，还有另外八小时的时间，也就是说你生命中的另外三分之一的时间你怎么度过？比如说你回到家与你的家人呆在一起，那么你要把你的子女培养成什么样的人？孩子们在家里能接触到深邃的思想吗？我们都自认为我们是伟大文明社会的成员，然而文明只有保持其创造性，才能存在。将来你成为一家之主的时候，你的家庭是否对整个人类文明思想有起码的了解？或者你下班回到家之后，是不是在家里只知道喝冰镇啤酒？你家里有书吗？有画吗？你的家人能不能说英语？能不能就一个话题发表意见？你的孩子能不能有机会听到巴赫的音乐？”
我说的大致是这些，可是那个学生根本就不感兴趣。“得，”他说，“你们这些教授按你们的办法教育小孩，我的孩子我管。我呀，我要挣大钱。”
“我希望你能挣到很多钱，”我对他说，“因为你要是不赚钱去买东西就会难受的。”
十四年过去了，我仍然在教书。在这里我仍要给你说的是，大学的任务不仅仅是对你进行培训，还要向你介绍人类最伟大人物的思想。如果你不愿抽出时间读莎士比亚的作品，学点最基础的哲学，学点艺术，学点我们称为历史的人类发展过程，那么你就不该来上大学。你就会成为一个机械化的野蛮人，一个只会按按钮的野蛮人。
谁也不可能在没有人的帮助下就能成为一个文明人。要是全靠自己去创造成为文明人所应有的一切知识，一辈子的时间也是不够的。
你们今天的年轻人，只要在中学的物理课上没有睡觉，比过去许多伟大的科学家都懂得的多。你之所以比他们懂得的多是因为他们把他们的知识留给了你。任何一门科学的第一课实质上都是历史课，因为刚开始你必须学习前人已经获取并流传给你的知识。
人类技术的发展是如此，人类精神财富的积累也是如此。这些财富，不管是技术方面的，还是精神方面的，大都储存在书本里。多读一本书，你就多增加一份经验。读一读荷马的史诗，你的头脑里就有了一些荷马的思想。通过读书，你至少能获得维吉尔、但丁、莎士比亚等无数前人的一点点思想火花与人生经验，因为一部伟大的著作就是一份厚礼，它使你经历你一生中没有时间去亲身经历的生活，把你带到一个你在现实中没有时间去遨游的世界。一个文明人的头脑里包含着许许多多这样的生活经历和这样的世界。如果你匆匆忙忙急着去赚钱，或者对自己有限的知识而自鸣得意，从而把亚里士多德或者爱因斯坦的思想这个提高你的品德修养的礼物拒之门外，那么你既不是一个发展到成熟阶段的人，也不是一个文明社会有用的成员。
我认为，要是一所大学不能使你们学生无论作为专门人才还是普通人，去接触你们的头脑应该有的那些大师们的思想，那么，这所大学就没有真正的办学宗旨，也就没有存在的必要了。
III.Keys to the Exercises
Questions on the Text
1. From the text, we learn that the author was a professor in a university. He taught literature.
2. The tall boy majored in pharmacy. The tall boy went into his class, sat down, folded his arms, and looked at him impolitely. He went into the author’s office to argue with his teacher. He didn’t want to read literature as a pharmacy student.
3. The basic difference between a technical training school and a university is that in a university the students receive not only training, but also education while in a technical training school they receive only training.
4. In a person’s day of twenty four hours, one works, sleeps and occupies himself with various activities of a civilized society.
5. One needs about eight hours for sleeping.
6. A person works in another eight hours.
7. In the author’s opinion, a person should spend his third eight hours cultivating himself and raising his children in a civilized way.
8. No. He was not interested in what the author said.
9. He has to learn what the past learned and be in touch with what the best human minds have thought.
10. The author looks upon books as useful and important because they enable us to become civilized people. Yes, I have heard of the names Homer, Virgil, Dante and Shakespeare. If we have no time to read these writers, we are on the way to being the mechanized savage, the push-button savage.
11. Yes, I do. When we have read a book, we have added to our human experience. It is a spiritual gift.
12. College education provides us with the chance to learn professional knowledge and skills and to be exposed to profound ideas. Thus when we finish our college education, we can make contributions to the society as a useful citizen of a civilization.
Written Work
It was January of 1940 and I was teaching Shakespeare at a university. One day, a student came into my office and told me that he came to university to be a pharmacist and that he didn’t know why he had to read Shakespeare. I tried my best to explain to him what a university was. A university, I told him, was different from a technical training school. It was to turn out not only professionals but also citizens of a great civilization. In other words, the task of a university was not only to help the students acquire knowledge and technical skills, but to put them in touch with what the best human minds have thought. If one just wanted to be a push-button savage, he had no business being in college.
Vocabulary Exercises
1. unpack 打开包裹
unwise 不明智的
unreality 不真实，虚构
unfairly 不公平地
unhappy 不高兴
unmask 揭去假面具
unconsciously 无意识地
2.1) (1) They used to think of themselves as the best parents in the
world.
(2) Can you put it in another way? The kids do not quite see what you mean.
(3) It takes two hours, more or less, to go there by bike.
(4) See that the child goes to bed before 9:00.
(5) Do you know how much money our company has lost as a
result of your incompetence?
(6) The two nations maintained a close contact with each other during the time of crisis.
(7) What are you going to do with these books?
(8) Our explanation would only manage to make him all the more angry.
(9) He had gone through many difficulties before he succeeded.
(10) After several attempts, the young man finally succeeded in flying across the Atlantic.
2) (1) She promised us that she would come.
(2) I’ve reminded him that we’ll meet at eight in the evening.
(3) He told me that he had passed all the final examinations.
(4) My father often tells me that knowledge is power.
(5) Her parents could not convince her that she had made a wrong decision.
1. 1) through
2) from, about, as, in
3) as
4) for
5) in, with,
6) in, of
7) along, on
8) through
9) of
10) to
2. (1) around
(2) word
(3) make
(4) situation
(5) sure
(6) lost
(7) line
(8) give
(9) not
(10) took
Grammar Exercises
1. 1) but
2) and
3) however,
4) if
5) when
6) Although
7) though
8) Hardly, when
9) While
10) both, and
2. 1) B 2) A 3) D 4) C 5) A
6) C 7) D 8) A 9)B 10) C
3. 1) Both his wife and he come from England.
2) He lowered his head so that she could not see his eyes.
3) Don’t make any noise while other people are reading.
4) I neither know him nor want to know him.
5) I got stuck in the traffic jam, otherwise I would have arrived an hour earlier.
IV.Grammar
相关连接词
相关连接词是一对起着并列作用的连词。主要的有both… and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, 以及whether…or。
这几对相关连接词用来强调它们连接的两个成分之间的平衡，因而这两个成分必须是平行的。换句话说，一对相关连接词并列的两个成分的语法结构必须相同。如：
Neither noise nor confusion could keep John from studying. (两个名词)
I was certain both that the Minister would be there and that he would speak. (两个从句)
You can find Mary either in her room or in the library. (两个介词短语)
当both…and并列的两个成分作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数形式。
Both Ann and Mary are suitable for the job.
Both the dean and his secretary have told me about it.
当either…or, neither…nor, 或not only…but (also)并列的成分作主语时，谓语动词数的形式与接近的那个主语保持一致。
Either the timetables or the clock is wrong.
Neither Linda nor her patents were able to come.
Not only the pupils but also their teacher was severely criticized.
然而，象下面这样的结构应当避免：
Either the timetables are wrong or the clock is.
Linda wasn’t able to come, nor were her parents.
Not only were the pupils severely criticized, but also was their teacher.
对于not only… but (also) 来说，当also也被插入使用时， 句子强调第二个部分。如果not only 放在句首，句子进行倒装时，句子所起的强调效果就更大了。
Not only did that driver ignore my signal, but he drove right by me through a puddle and splashed mud all over me!
对于whether… or来说，当or 后面仅仅为whether后面成分的否定形式时，那么or 后面的结构可以采用省略形式，例如：
Ask the secretary whether the director is in his office or whether he is not there.
Ask the secretary whether the director is in his office or not. (省略形式)
Ask the secretary whether or not the director is in his office.
这个结构还可以进一步缩短：
Ask the secretary whether the director is in the office.
然而，当or后面的结构不是whether后面结构的否定形式时，句子结构就不能缩短。
Mark could not decide whether to start college right after high school or to get a job first.
我国的英语学习者常犯的错误是把though… but (yet) 当作相关连接词使用。下面是一个典型的错误句子：
Though they are poor, but (yet) they are happy.
上面句子的意思可以这样表达：
Though they are poor, they are happy.
They are poor, but they are happy.
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